Dominic Richens wrote:
> Don't know if it is fact but it does make sense. Humans and many other=
=20
> animals have evolved this same instinct - why not bees?
Dominic Richens wrote:
> Don't know if it is fact but it does make sense. Humans and many other=
> animals have evolved this same instinct - why not bees?
<generated in UTF-8>
=E2=84=90t was generally agreed upon (I think) that maybe they do and pro=
bably they
do but the end result is inferior to outside genetic material. However th=
at
discussion was only conjecture and hearsay even though scientist were quo=
ted
as having an opinion. The problem with that is even science is suspect no=
w
that the ideologues have infiltrated every aspect of government and priva=
te
endeavor and as more evidence is made public it has become quite insidiou=
s.
I do believe in observation born of experience that is repeatable and
reliable say if one had a truly isolated hive that eventually collapsed
because of malformed and continual growth of an inferior population but I=
don't think this question has been considered for serious study because i=
t
has not been considered a problem before. If say the disappearance of fer=
al
hives of bees because of mites or GM crops is having an effect on the
quality of hives being managed that question is not going to be answered.=
In our world something or someone else is always to blame not whatever it=
really is.
If I were a moderator I would relegate this thread to the status of 'dead=
horse" and forget about it.
--=20
=E1=9B=8D=E1=9A=B4
Fascism up to 1939:
Transcribed from The Columbia Encyclopedia 1940 edition. Compiled and edi=
ted
at Columbia University, Clarke F. Ansley editor in chief, MCMXLI.
[f=C4=83sh'=C4=ACz-m] [from Ital. fascio. plural fasci,=3Dbundle, union; =
undoubtedly
influenced by Fasces the ancient Roman symbol of the power of the state o=
ver
life and limb. The fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods tied
tightly together. In the bundle there was usually an axe with the edge
pointing outward. A good representation of the fasces may be seen on the
reverse of an American dime, on which it represents union or the power of=
the state. The fasces were borne by guards called lictors before praetors=
,
consuls, dictators, and emperors. The number of lictors was governed by t=
he
rank of the magistrate.
Fascism took the form of a national political, economic, social, and
cultural organization typified in Italy under the dictator****p of Benito
Mussolini. Fascism has much in common with the Russian type of communism.=
Both elevate the state as paramount and extend state control into all soc=
ial
expression; both discard parliamentary rule and yet retain remnants of a
representative system; both decry "liberal" doctrines; both advocate the
rule of a single party in an authoritarian state, with a firm suppression=
of
its opponents.
=46rom the birth of fascism, one of the few set items of its program has =
been
irreconcilable opposition to communism and socialism. Fascism is essentia=
lly
and fundamentally nationalist; communism is at least in theory
international. Fascism, as it has developed, has become a bulwark of
capitalism, regulated and chastened, but still capitalism, and the classe=
s
of society have have been maintained; communism seeks the supremacy of th=
e
proletariat and the destruction of cl*****. Fascism has, in general, plac=
ed
an emphasis on the spiritual, and, to some extent, the religious, aspect =
of
life, while communism is thoroughly economic and militantly opposed to re=
ligion.
In Italy the fascist movement arose in 1919 with Mussolini's formation of=
the first of the Fasci di Combattimento, groups of men prepared to fight =
for
the "awakening" of Italy. The motives that brought men into the groups we=
re
ultimately grounded in reaction to the discontent and depression followin=
g
the World War. Italy had been disappointed in the peace treaties. The war=
had deranged the economic system, and conditions grew steadily worse. The=
foreign policy of the government was ineffectual, and parliamentary rule
seemed impotent in the face of complex problems. The evils of the day wer=
e
laid by the Fascist at the door of the radicals, the "Reds."
The unity and "dynamic" purpose of the Fascist created both centrifugal a=
nd
centripetal forces that work quite apart from logic; men were swept into =
the
movement by enthusiasm; warfare with the radicals increased. With the mar=
ch
on Rome [1922] and the establishment of a Fascist dictator****p, the cause=
triumphed. The full program, today considered the Fascist program, was th=
en
formulated on a groundwork largely adopted by op****tunism=C2=B9. The synd=
icalist=C2=B2
element was strong and socialism was abhorred. Private property was to be=
respected, but state control of industry was to be practically unlimited.=
The "cor****ative state" was the result. No class struggle between labor a=
nd
capital is tolerated in it; instead, industry is organized into both
vertical [employer with all cl***** of employees according to industries]=
and horizontal [laborer with laborer, as in a trade union] combinations,
thus achieving a complete regimentation under the watchful eye of the sta=
te.
The organization is strictly hierarchic, just as the Fascist party is, an=
d
the threads of influence are gathered into the same hands that hold the
reins of state: industry and the state are, in a sense, one. This ideal
arrangement has not been completely achieved in Italy, but order and dire=
ct
action were introduced, and the system, imperfect though it might be, was=
begun. Education was reorganized according to Gentile's=C2=B3 proposed re=
forms
with the emphasis ****fted from positivistic=E2=81=B4 to spiritual culture=
=2E Because
most of the people of Italy belong to the Catholic faith, Catholic religi=
ous
instruction is also incor****ated into the course of study [though not for=
ced
on non-Catholics]. Always the state an almost mystical conception, the
super-body made up of all the Italians of the past as well as the present=
,
with a glorious mission to fulfill in the future-is the prime factor in t=
he
system.
This emphasis on the past and the inculcation of vaguely ethnological
arguments have combined with the antipathies of the movement to give fasc=
ism
the conservative aspect that is only incidental to it.
Reactionary=E2=81=B5=
sentiment, strong nationalistic feeling, an authoritarian and "totalitari=
an"
state moving by non-parliamentary means, a strong and somewhat military
party, a dictator****p, and the regimentation of capital and labor under t=
he
aegis of the state-all these are characteristics of the fascist movements=
that sprang up all over Europe and in South America, China, and other par=
ts
of the world.
The defeatism arising from the war, the impasse reached in most
parliamentary governments. and the worldwide economic depression have all=
helped to produce in other countries effects like those in Italy. Youth
movements spread like wildfire; young men, seeking the revitalization of
nations and the clearance of old scores, have banded together in fascist
groups. Fascism, being highly nationalistic, has variant characteristics,=
In
Germany, where the fascistic National Socialists [the Nazis] rose to cont=
rol
under Adolf Hitler in 1933, the movement has a strong tinge of the racial=
or
pseudo-racial feeling. In Austria, von Starhemberg's Heimwehr appeared ea=
rly
and the activities of the German National Socialist brought two fascist
groups more or less into conflict. Early in 1934 a "totalitarian" state w=
as
set up under Dollfuss. The National Socialists have also appeared in Danz=
ig
and have sought footholds in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and even farther ea=
st.
The G=C3=B6mb=C3=B6s government in Hungary has fascistic aspects. A large=
group of
Polish fascist were brought to sup****t Pilsudski after he had made an
earlier attempt to suppress their organization. An active group of Finnis=
h
National Patriots originated as a fascist organization. In Spain a fascis=
t
group gathered and became increasingly active after the revolution of 193=
1
with the younger Primo de Rivera at their head. In England a band of
negligible political im****tance gathered about Sir Oswald Mosley. In
Romania, the Iron Guard, a strong anti-Semitic and fascist party, became
increasingly im****tant. In ****tugal, the syndicalist aspect of fascism wa=
s
the central point in founding a party. Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Switzerlan=
d,
and Bulgaria have also witnessed the rise of fascism. More and more over =
the
world the great struggle has been between the "reactionary" and "radical"=
forces of fascism and communism.
Suggested reading: "Capital and Labor under Fascism" Carmen Haider (1930=
)
"The Cor****ative State" A. Pennachio (1927) "The Pragmatic Revolt in
Politics" W.Y. Elliott (1928) "Bolshevism, Fascism and Capitalism" George=
S.
Counts, Luigi Villari, M.C. Rorty, and Newton D. Baker (1932) "A new
Economic Order" ed: Kirby Page (1930)
=C2=B9Op****tunism:the policy or practice, as in politics, business, or on=
e's
personal affairs, of adapting actions, decisions, etc., to expediency or
effectiveness regardless of the sacrifice of ethical principles.
=C2=B2Syndicalism: a form or development of trade unionism, originating i=
n
France, that aims at the possession of the means of production and
distribution, and ultimately at the control of society, by federated bodi=
es
of industrial workers, and that seeks to realize its purposes through
general strikes, terrorism, sabotage, etc.
=C2=B3Giovanni Gentile Italian philosopher born May 30, 1875, Castelvetra=
no,
Italy died April 15, 1944, Florence. He was a major figure in Italian
idealist philosophy, politician, educator, and editor, sometimes called t=
he
=E2=80=9Cphilosopher of Fascism.=E2=80=9D
His =E2=80=9Cactual idealism=E2=80=9D shows the strong influence of G.W.F=
=2E Hegel. Gentile in
1917 became professor of the history of philosophy at the University of R=
ome
where he wrote "La filosofia di Marx" (The Philosophy of Marx) a Hegelian=
examination of Karl Marx=E2=80=99s philosophy.
After the fall of Benito Mussolini in 1943, Gentile sup****ted the Fascist=
Social Republic established by the Germans at Sal=C3=B2 and was made the
president of the Academy of Italy, in which post he served until his deat=
h
at the hands of anti-Fascist communists.
=E2=81=B4Positivism: a philosophical system founded by Auguste Comte, con=
cerned with
positive facts and phenomena, and excluding speculation upon ultimate cau=
ses
or origins.
=E2=81=B5Reactionary: pertaining to, marked by, or favoring reaction, esp=
=2E extreme
conservatism or rightism in politics; opposing political or social change=
=2E
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